Baidu World Technology Conference (News Release).

Baidu, Inc. (/ ˈbaɪduː/ BY-doo; Chinese: 百度; pinyin: Bǎidù; lit. ‘hundred times’) is a Chinese international technology business concentrating on Internet services and synthetic intelligence. It holds a dominant position in China’s search engine market (through Baidu Search), and provides a wide range of other internet services such as Baidu App (Baidu’s flagship app for search and newsfeed), Baidu Baike (an online encyclopedia), iQIYI (a video streaming service), and Baidu Tieba (a keyword-based conversation online forum).

Besides its core internet search service, Baidu has diversified into several high-growth locations. The company is a leading gamer in self-governing driving (Baidu Apollo), [3] and smart consumer electronic devices (Xiaodu). [4] With over a decade of investment in expert system, Baidu is among the couple of tech companies internationally to offer a full-stack AI stack, consisting of software, chips, cloud facilities, foundation models, and applications. [5]

The holding business of the group is integrated in the Cayman Islands. [2] Baidu was integrated in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. Baidu has origins in RankDex, an earlier search engine developed by Robin Li in 1996, before he founded Baidu in 2000. [6] The company is headquartered in Beijing’s Haidian District. [7]

In December 2007, Baidu became the first Chinese company to be included in the NASDAQ-100 index. [8] Since May 2018, Baidu’s market cap rose to US$ 99 billion. [9] [10] [11] In October 2018, Baidu ended up being the very first Chinese company to sign up with the United States-based computer system ethics consortium Partnership on AI. [12] During the 2020s, Baidu has actually progressively focused on generative AI associated items. [13]

The Chinese government views Baidu as one of its nationwide champ corporations. [14]:156 -157

Early advancement

In 1994, Robin Li (Pinyin: Li Yanhong, Chinese: 李彦宏) joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey division of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped develop software for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal. [15] He also worked on establishing much better algorithms for online search engine and stayed at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997.

In 1996, while at IDD, Li established the RankDex site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking [6] [16] [17] and received a United States patent for the innovation. [18] Launched in 1996, [6] RankDex was the first search engine that utilized links to measure the quality of websites it was indexing. [19] Li described his search mechanism as “link analysis,” which included ranking the popularity of a web site based upon how numerous other sites had actually connected to it. [20] It predated the similar PageRank algorithm used by Google two years later on in 1998; [21] Google founder Larry Page referenced Li’s work as a citation in some of his U.S. patents for PageRank. [6] [21] [22] Li later on used his RankDex technology for the Baidu search engine.

Baidu was integrated on 18 January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. [7] In 2001, Baidu allowed advertisers to bid for advertisement space then pay Baidu each time a client clicked on an ad, predating Google’s approach to advertising. [20] In 2003, Baidu launched a news online search engine and image online search engine, adopting an unique identification technology efficient in identifying and organizing the short articles. [23]

2005: Public Listing on NASDAQ

Baidu went public on Wall Street through a variable interest entity (VIE) based in the Cayman Islands on 5 August 2005. [24]

In 2007, Chinese federal government and Chinese industry sources stated that Baidu received a license from Beijing, which enables the online search engine to end up being a full-fledged news website. Thus Baidu is able to provide its own reports, besides showing particular outcomes as a search engine. Baidu was the very first Chinese online search engine to receive such a license. [25]

Baidu began its Japanese language search service, run by Baidu Japan, the business’s first routine service outside of China in 2008. [26] The Japanese search engine closed on 16 March 2015. [27]

On 31 July 2012, Baidu revealed that it would coordinate with Sina to provide mobile search results page. [28]

On 18 November 2012, Baidu announced that it would be partnering with Qualcomm to use free cloud storage to Android users with Snapdragon processors. [29]

On 2 August 2013, Baidu launched its Personal Assistant app, developed to assist CEOs, supervisors and the white-collar workers manage their business relationships. [30]

On 16 May 2014, Baidu appointed Dr. Andrew Ng as chief researcher. Dr. Ng will lead Baidu Research in Silicon Valley and Beijing. [31]

On 18 July 2014, the company launched a Brazilian variation of the search engine, Baidu Busca. [32]

On 9 October 2014, Baidu announced acquisition of Brazilian regional e-commerce site Peixe Urbano. [33]

2017: Launch of Autonomous Driving Business

In April 2017, Baidu revealed the launch of its Apollo task (Apolong), a self-driving automobile platform, in a bid to help drive the advancement of self-governing cars and trucks including lorry platform, hardware platform, open-source software application platform and cloud information services. [34] Baidu prepares to introduce this job in July 2017, before slowly introducing fully self-governing driving capabilities on highways and open city roadways by 2020. [35] In September 2017, Baidu launched a $1.5 billion autonomous driving fund to buy as many as 100 self-governing driving tasks over the ensuing three years. [36] At the exact same time, Apollo open-source software application version 1.5 was likewise launched. [37]

In June 2017, Baidu partnered with Continental and Bosch, auto market suppliers, on automated driving and connected vehicles. [38]

In July 2017, Baidu GBU got in into a collaboration with Snap Inc. to function as the company’s main advertisement reseller for Snapchat in Greater China, South Korea, Japan and Singapore. [39] The collaboration was extended in 2019. [40]

In September 2017, Baidu presented a brand-new portable talking translator that can listen and speak in several different languages. Smaller than a normal smartphone, the 140-gram translation device can likewise be used as a portable Wi-Fi router and is able to run on networks in 80 countries. It is still under development. Baidu will likewise be placing artificial intelligence (AI) innovation into mobile phones, through its deep learning platform. [41] [42] At the same period, it has likewise led a joint financial investment of US$ 12billion with Alibaba Group, Tencent, JD.com and Didi Chuxing, acquiring 35% of China Unicom’s stakes. [43] [44] [45]

In October 2017, according to The Wall Street Journal, Baidu would launch self-driving buses in China in 2018. [46] [47] In the exact same month, Baidu announced that its first yearly Baidu World innovation conference (Bring AI to Life) would be held and live-streamed on 16 November 2017, at China World Summit Wing and Kerry Hotel, combining Baidu executives, workers, partners, designers, and media to discuss the business’s objective and strategy, technology advancements, brand-new product advancements, and its open artificial-intelligence (AI) community. [48]

China’s federal government designated Baidu as one of its “AI champions” in 2018. [49]:281

In 2018, Baidu divested the “Global DU business” part of its organization, which established a series of energy apps including ES File Explorer, DU Caller, Mobojoy, Photo Wonder and DU Recorder, etc. [50] This organization now runs individually of Baidu under the name DO Global. [51]

2021: Hong Kong Secondary Listing

In March 2021, Baidu protected a secondary listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, raising $3.1 billion. This marked the biggest homecoming for a U.S.-traded Chinese company in Hong Kong because JD.com’s noting the previous June.

In August 2021 Baidu revealed a new Robocar principle stated to be efficient in Level 5 self-governing driving. [52] It likewise features the latest second-generation AI chip that can evaluate the internal and external environments to offer predictive tips to proactively serve the needs of passengers.

In June 2022, Jidu Auto, an intelligent electric lorry business originally backed by Baidu and Geely unveiled its very first idea ROBO-01 in the kind of a pre-production car. The ROBO-01 rides on the Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA) platform, a modular electric lorry platform developed by Geely Holding. [53]

In August 2023, Baidu unveiled its ChatGPT-equivalent language model Ernie Bot openly. [54] In October 2023, Baidu launched a more recent version Ernie 4.0 chatbot. [55]

As of April 2024, Apollo Go, Baidu’s self-governing ride-hailing service, had finished six million trips using driverless robotaxis across 11 cities. The service operates a fleet of over 400 driverless lorries in Wuhan. [56]

Domain redirection attack

On 12 January 2010, Baidu.com’s DNS records in the United States were transformed such that browsers to baidu.com were rerouted to a site purporting to be the Iranian Cyber Army, believed to lag the attack on Twitter during the 2009 Iranian election protests, making the correct site unusable for 4 hours. [57] Internet users were met a page saying “This website has been attacked by Iranian Cyber Army”. [58] Chinese hackers later on responded by assaulting Iranian websites and leaving messages. [59] Baidu later on launched legal action against Register.com for gross neglect after it was exposed that Register.com’s technical support staff altered the email address for Baidu.com on the demand of an unnamed person, in spite of failing security confirmation treatments. Once the address had actually been changed, the individual was able to use the forgotten password function to have Baidu’s domain passwords sent directly to them, enabling them to achieve the domain hijacking. [60] [61] The suit was settled out of court under concealed terms after Register.com provided an apology. [62]

Baidu employees apprehended

On 6 August 2012, the BBC reported that 3 employees of Baidu were detained on suspicion that they accepted allurements. The bribes were supposedly spent for deleting posts from the online forum service. Four individuals were fired in connection with these arrests. [63]

91 Wireless acquisition

On 16 July 2013, Baidu revealed its intention to acquire 91 Wireless from NetDragon. 91 Wireless is best known for its app store, however it has been reported that the app store deals with personal privacy and other legal issues. [64] On 14 August 2013, Baidu revealed that its wholly owned subsidiary Baidu (Hong Kong) Limited has actually signed a conclusive merger arrangement to get 91 Wireless Web-soft Limited from NetDragon Web-soft Inc. [65] for$1.85 billion in what was reported to be the greatest deal ever in China’s IT sector. [66]

Name

The name Baidu (百度) literally means “a hundred times”, or alternatively, “many times”. It is a quote from the last line of Xin Qiji’s (辛弃疾) classical poem “Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival” (青玉案 · 元夕) saying: “Having browsed hundreds of times in the crowd, unexpectedly reversing, she exists in the dimmest candlelight.” (众里寻他千百度, 蓦然回首, 那人却在灯火阑珊处 。) [67] [68]

Services

Qunar (Qunar Cayman Islands Limited), travel-booking service managed by Baidu. As of 2013, Qunar had 31.4 million active users and raised $167 Million at its preliminary public offering that year. [69] It is listed at NASDAQ. [70]
Advertisements

Baidu’s main advertising item is called Baidu Tuiguang and is comparable to Google Ads and AdSense. It is a pay per click marketing platform that allows marketers to have their advertisements shown in Baidu search results page pages and on other sites that become part of Baidu Union. However, Baidu’s search results page are likewise based upon payments by advertisers. This has triggered criticism and hesitation among Chinese users, with People’s Daily commenting in 2018 on issues concerning reliability of Baidu outcomes. Often as lots of as the very first 2 pages of search results page tend to be paid marketers. [71]

Baidu sells its marketing items by means of a network of resellers. [72] Baidu’s web administrative tools are all in Chinese, making it difficult for non-Chinese speakers to utilize. In 2012, a third-party business established a tool with an interface in English for advertising on Baidu. [73] [74] Advertisers on Baidu need to have a signed up service address either in China or in specified East Asian countries. [75]

Competition

Baidu [76] competes with Sogou, Google Search, 360 Search (www.so.com), Yahoo! China, Microsoft’s Bing and MSN Messenger, Sina, NetEase’s Youdao and PaiPai, Alibaba’s Taobao, TOM Online, DuckDuckGo, and EachNet.

Baidu is the most used search engine in China, managing 76.05 percent of China’s market share. The number of Internet users in China had actually reached 705 million by the end of 2015, according to a report by the internetlivestats.com. [77]

In an August 2010 Wall Street Journal post, [78] Baidu soft-pedaled its benefit from Google’s having moved its China search service to Hong Kong, however Baidu’s share of income in China’s search-advertising market grew 6 portion points in the second quarter to 70%, according to Beijing-based research firm Analysys International.

It is likewise apparent that Baidu is attempting to enter the Internet social media market. Since 2011 [upgrade], it is discussing the possibility of working with Facebook, which would cause a Chinese version of the worldwide social media network, handled by Baidu. [79] This strategy, if executed, would take on Baidu with competitors from the 3 popular Chinese socials media Qzone, Renren [80] and Kaixin001 [81] in addition to induce rivalry with instant-messaging giant, Tencent QQ. [82]

On 22 February 2012, Hudong submitted a complaint to the State Administration for Industry and Commerce asking for a review of the behavior of Baidu, implicating it of being monopolistic. [83]

By August 2014, Baidu’s search market share in China dropped to 56.3%, where Qihoo 360, its closest competitor who has actually rebranded its online search engine as so.com, has actually increased its market share to 29.0%, according to report from CNZZ.com. [84]

In February 2015, Baidu was declared to have used anticompetitive strategies in Brazil against the Brazilian online security firm PSafe and Qihoo 360 (the biggest investor of PSafe). [85] [86]

In an ongoing competition in AI natural language processing called General Language Understanding Evaluation, otherwise understood as GLUE, Baidu took a lead over Microsoft and Google in December 2019. [87]

Research and patents

Baidu has started to invest in deep learning research and is integrating brand-new deep learning innovation into some of its apps and products, including Phoenix Nest. Phoenix Nest is Baidu’s ad-bidding platform. [88]

In April 2012 Baidu JDC long live looked for a patent for its “DNA copyright acknowledgment” technology. This innovation automatically scans files that are uploaded by Internet users, and acknowledges and strains material that may break copyright law. This permits Baidu to offer an infringement-free platform. [89] [90]

In April 2022, Baidu revealed they gained licenses from China to provide the very first driverless taxis. The business objective to provide driverless ride-hailing services to the general public and have 10 autonomous cars set to start providing trips to guests within a 23-square-mile area in suburban start beginning 28 April 2022. [91]

In July 2022, Baidu unveiled the Apollo RT6, a driverless car that is prepared to sign up with Baidu’s driverless fleet in 2023. [92]

According to the China Digital Times, Baidu has a long history of being the most active and restrictive online censor in the search arena. Documents dripped in April 2009 from a worker in Baidu’s internal tracking and censorship department show a long list of blocked websites and censored subjects on Baidu search. [93]

In May 2011, activists took legal action against Baidu in the United States for breaking the U.S. Constitution by the censorship it conducts in accord with the demand of the Chinese federal government. [94] A U.S. judge has actually ruled [95] that the Chinese online search engine Baidu has the right to block works from its question results under flexibility of speech rights, dismissing a claim that looked for to punish the company. [96] [97]

In 2017, Baidu began collaborating with the Chinese Ministry of Public Security along with 372 Internet cops departments to find info related to “anti-government rumors” and after that flooding “Baidu-linked website, news websites and devices with signals eliminating misinformation.” [98] This was done using natural language processing, big data and artificial intelligence. [98]

As part of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese regulators advised Baidu, together with other Internet business, to “conduct unique supervision” on news and details associated to the disease. [99]

In November 2022, Sustainalytics devalued Baidu to “non-compliant” with the United Nations Global Compact concepts due to complicity with censorship. [100]

Controversies

Death of Wei Zexi

In 2016, Baidu’s P4P search results reportedly added to the death of a student who attempted an experimental cancer treatment he found online. The 21-year-old university student was called Wèi Zéxī (魏则西), who studied in Xidian University. Wei was identified with synovial sarcoma, a rare form of cancer. He found the Second Hospital of the Beijing Armed Police Corps (武警北京市总队第二医院) through the search engine Baidu, on which the health center had been promoting itself. [101] The treatment proved unsuccessful and Wèi died in April 2016. [101]

After Wei’s household invested around 200,000 yuan (around US$ 31,150) for treatment in the hospital, Wei Zexi died on 12 April 2016. The event triggered massive online discussions after Wei’s death. [102] On 2 May 2016, Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), the top watchdog for China’s Internet area, dispatched a team of investigators to Baidu. [103] The case is still continuous. One report declared medical advertising offsets 30% of Baidu’s advertisement profits, much of which comes from for-profit medical facilities that belong to the “Putian Network”, a collection of medical facilities throughout the country founded by medical business owners related to the Putian area of Fujian province. [104] The examination led Chinese regulators to impose numerous limitations on Baidu, consisting of adding disclaimers to advertising material and establishing channels for grievances about Baidu services. [105] In addition, Baidu’s search function now mostly directs users to contents published on platforms under Baidu’s control, leading Chinese media scholar Fang Kecheng to declare that “Search engine Baidu is dead”. [106]

Commercialization of Tieba

Baidu offered the hemophilia online neighborhood, one of the communities of Tieba, to unqualified healthcare facilities. In January 2016, Baidu revealed that it will stop offering all of its illness-related Tieba. [107] On 12 January, Baidu formally announced to the general public that all Baidu Tieba for all kinds of illness will totally stop business cooperation and will only be open to reliable public well-being companies. In reaction to Baidu’s choice, Lin Jinlong, president of the Hunan Medical and Health Industry Association, stated that private hospitals have actually gone into a period of market change and upgrading, and are neither dependent on publishing bar ads nor relying on competitive rankings anymore, so Baidu’s decision will not have a negative influence on the industry. [108]

DO Global subsidiary ad-fraud in downloaded apps

On 20 April 2019, it was reported that numerous applications for Android gadgets developed by the subsidiary business, DO Global (formerly DU Group), were surreptitiously running profits enhancing background programs on user devices because a minimum of 2016. [109] These programs, part of six known applications established by the company, and downloaded numerous millions times, were clicking on internet ads – even when the gadgets were idle, and unbeknownst to end users, to increase earnings created by “clicks”. [109] Just among the apps, all of which were readily available on Google Play Store, had been downloaded 50 million times alone and brought a user rating of 4.5 stars by 10s of thousands. [109]

Google prohibited DO Global and more than 100 of its apps from the Google Play Store on 26 April 2019. [110] [111] DO Global was also banned from Google’s AdMob Network. [110] Apps from another developer, ES Global, consisting of the ES File Explorer, that were owned by DO Global were banned from the Play Store and the account was suspended. [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118]

Block in India

In August 2020, following the 2020 China-India skirmishes, Baidu was among several Chinese websites that were prohibited or blocked in India for nationwide security reasons. [119]

2024 head of communications controversy

In May 2024, Baidu’s previous vice president and head of communications Qu Jing [zh] (Chinese: 璩静) sparked major backlashes across the Chinese social media for endorsing hazardous workplace culture, where, according to a Douyin video, she has actually asked a coworker to be on a 50-day business trip throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. [120] The report has excited further discussions amongst Chinese netizens regarding Baidu’s business governance and internal culture. Qu openly said sorry after the occurrence and has supposedly lost her job. Baidu’s stock rate fell 2.17% in Hong Kong following the incident. [121] [122]

Panguso.
Tencent.
Sogou.
Alibaba.
Google.
Intellectual property in individuals’s Republic of China.
Software industry in China.
Comparison of web search engines.
List of online search engine.
List of search engines by appeal.

China.

Companies.

Internet.

Technology.

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Further reading

– Lee, Melanie (19 January 2010). “NEWSMAKER-Baidu founder rules China’s Web with pragmatism”. Reuters.
– Udeze, Chuka (26 March 2012). “Baidu Search to be Integrated by Apple on iOS Devices”.
– Kohout, Martin (30 October 2014). “Spyware Baidu to Sony Xperia smart devices”.